With four imidazopyridine-containing drugs and one pyrazolopyridine-containing drug on the market, bicyclic pyridines containing ring-junction nitrogen are privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. With two nitrogen atoms with potential to serve as hydrogen bond acceptors, imidazopyridines and pyrazolopyridines may boost binding to target proteins and elevate potency. In addition, these structures have found utility in FBDD, covalent inhibitors, reducing metabolic liabilities, and creating novel chemical space and intellectual properties. With many of the advanced intermediates now commercially available, they will find more and more applications in drug discovery.
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Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, and the fluorine atom has a small atomic radius, so fluorine-containing organic compounds have many wonderful properties. For example, the introduction of fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing groups into drug molecules can improve the permeability to cell membranes, metabolic stability and bioavailability; in addition, the introduction of fluorine atoms will improve the lipid solubility of the compound and promote its absorption in the body. The speed of delivery changes the physiological effect. In the field of medicinal chemistry, the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules is an important direction for the development of new anticancer drugs, antitumor drugs, antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and central nervous system drugs.
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is a saturated five-membered heterocyclic ring, which is miscible with water. Pyrrolidine exists in many alkaloids and drug molecules, such as kappa opioids, antagonists of dopamine D4 receptors, and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.