Morpholine contains secondary amine groups and has all the typical reactive characteristics of secondary amine groups. It can react with inorganic acids to form salts, and react with organic acids to form salts or amides, which can be subjected to alkylation reaction, and can also be reacted with ethylene oxide, ketone or Willgerodt reaction. Morpholine is a six-membered ring containing oxygen and nitrogen, and its alkalinity is much lower than that of its parent piperidine. The marketed morpholine drugs are mainly distributed in the fields of tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, infectious diseases and mental disorders.
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Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, and the fluorine atom has a small atomic radius, so fluorine-containing organic compounds have many wonderful properties. For example, the introduction of fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing groups into drug molecules can improve the permeability to cell membranes, metabolic stability and bioavailability; in addition, the introduction of fluorine atoms will improve the lipid solubility of the compound and promote its absorption in the body. The speed of delivery changes the physiological effect. In the field of medicinal chemistry, the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules is an important direction for the development of new anticancer drugs, antitumor drugs, antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and central nervous system drugs.
Cyclopropane is the smallest cyclic compound with unique structural features and physicochemical properties, which is widely used in the design of small molecule drugs. In drug design, it is often used to increase activity, fix conformation and improve PK and water solubility. The introduction of cyclopropyl groups into drugs can change various properties of molecules, such as improving metabolic stability; increasing biological activity; enhancing drug efficacy; limiting polypeptide conformation and slowing down its hydrolysis; reducing plasma clearance; improving drug dissociation and many more. Cyclopropane rings are widely found in marketed drugs, including cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system (CNS) drugs, anticancer drugs, autoimmune and anti-inflammatory drugs.