Pyridine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen heteroatom. Pyridine and piperidine are the most frequently occurring heterocyclic building blocks in drug molecules. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently more than 180 drugs containing pyridine or piperidine structure that have been marketed, nearly 1/5 of the drugs approved for marketing in recent years contain these two structures.
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Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell.
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is a saturated five-membered heterocyclic ring, which is miscible with water. Pyrrolidine exists in many alkaloids and drug molecules, such as kappa opioids, antagonists of dopamine D4 receptors, and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Naphthyridine is a class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds whose chemical formula is C8H6N2. They consist of naphthalene bicyclic rings in which two carbon atoms are replaced by nitrogen atoms. There are ten isomers of naphthyridine, because naphthyridine has two benzene rings, has strong π-π conjugation, and has better luminescence properties. Common naphthyridines are 1,8-naphthyridines. There are many kinds of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives, and they are widely used.