Morpholine contains secondary amine groups and has all the typical reactive characteristics of secondary amine groups. It can react with inorganic acids to form salts, and react with organic acids to form salts or amides, which can be subjected to alkylation reaction, and can also be reacted with ethylene oxide, ketone or Willgerodt reaction. Morpholine is a six-membered ring containing oxygen and nitrogen, and its alkalinity is much lower than that of its parent piperidine. The marketed morpholine drugs are mainly distributed in the fields of tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, infectious diseases and mental disorders.
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A spiro compound is a polycyclic compound in which two monocyclic rings share one carbon atom; the shared carbon atom is called a spiro atom. Spiro compounds have rigid structures, stable structures, and have special properties that general organic compounds do not possess, such as anomeric effect, spiro conjugation and spiro hyperconjugation. Compared with the monocyclic structure or the planar aromatic structure, the spiro structure has a larger three-dimensional structure; the heterocyclic spiro structure is also regarded as the biological isostere of some groups, which can change the drug to a certain extent. The water solubility, lipophilicity, dominant conformation and ADMET properties of the molecule make the optimized lead molecule easier to drug. Therefore, spiro compounds occupy a very important position in drug development.
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Oxygen heterocycles are one of the most common heterocycles in drugs and natural products. Oxetene has high polarity and is also a good acceptor for hydrogen bond, which contributes to the metabolism and chemical stability of its host molecules. When substituted for commonly used functional groups such as gem dimethyl or carbonyl, oxetane units can induce profound changes in water solubility, lipophilicity, metabolic stability and conformational preference. Four of the FDA-approved drugs contain oxetenes: Orlistat, Paclitaxel, and two of its derivatives, Docetaxel and Cabazitaxel. Currently, oxetane-containing building blocks are flourishing in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.